(Aktu Btech) Object Oriented Programming/System Design Important Unit-5 Object and Classes

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Q1. Write short note on object and classes.

Ans. A. Object: 

• 1. An Object is an instance of a Class. When a class is defined, no memory is allocated but when it is instantiated (i.e. an object is created) memory is allocated. 
• 2. When a class is defined, only the specification for the object is defined; no memory or storage is allocated. To use the data and access functions defined in the class, you need to create objects.

B. Classes:

• 1. A class is a way to bind the data and its associated functions together. It allows the data (and functions) to be hidden, if necessary, from external use. 
• 2. When defining a class, we are creating a new abstract data type that can be treated like any other built-in data type. 
• 3. The class declaration describes the type and scope of its members. 
• 4. The class function definitions describe how the class functions are implemented. 
• 5. The general form of a class declaration is:

• 6. The class declaration is similar to a struct declaration. The keyword class specifies that what follows is an abstract data of type class_name. 
• 7. The body of a class is enclosed within braces and terminated by a semicolon. 
• 8. The class body contains the declaration of variables and functions. These functions and variables are collectively called class members. 
• 9. The class members that have been declared as private can be accessed only from within the class. 
• 10. While the public members can be accessed from outside the class also. 
• 11. The variables declared inside the class are known as data members and the functions are known as member functions.

Q2. Explain private member function. 

Ans.

• 1. A private member function can only be called by another function that is a member of its class.
• 2. Even an object cannot invoke a private function using the dot operator.
• 3. Consider a class as defined below: 

• 5. However, the function read() can be called by the function update() to update the value of m.

Q3. Explain static data and static function member. 

Ans. Static data: 

• 1. Static data is data that does not change after being recorded. It is a fixed data set.
• 2. Experts contrast static data with dynamic data, where dynamic data may change after it is recorded, and has to be continually updated.  

Member function: 

• 1. A member function of a class is a function that has its definition or its prototype within the class definition like any other variable.
• 2. It operates on any object of the class of which it is a member, and has access to all the members of a class for that object. 
• 3. Member functions can be defined within the class definition or separately using scope resolution operator.
• 4.  Defining a member function within the class definition declares the function inline, even if you do not use the inline specifier.

Q4. Define inheritance. What are the modes of inheritance?

Ans. Inheritance: 

• 1. The capability of a class to derive properties and characteristics from another class is called Inheritance. 
• 2. Inheritance is one of the most important features of Object Oriented Programming. 
• 3. The class that inherits properties from another class is called Sub class or Derived class.
• 4. The class whose properties are inherited by sub class is called Base Class or Super class. 

Modes of inheritance: 

• 1. Public mode: 
  • a. If we derive a sub class from a public base class.
  • b. Then the public member of the base class will become public in the derived class and protected members of the base class will become protected in derived class. 
• 2. Protected mode: 
  • a. If we derive a sub class from a Protected base class.  
  • b. Then both public member and protected members of the base class will become protected in derived class. 
• 3. Private mode: 
  • a. If we derive a sub class from a Private base class. 
  • b. Then both public member and protected members of the base class will become Private in derived class.

Q5. Write a program in C++ to read in two matrices from the keyboard and compute their sum. 

Ans. 

Q6. Describe briefly about the term object.

Ans.

• 1. Objects are the basic run-time entities in an object-oriented system. 
• 2. In the object-oriented programming paradigm object can be a combination of variables, functions, and data structures. 
• 3. They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of data or any item that the program has to handle. 
• 4. Programming problem is analyzed in terms of objects and the nature of communication between them. 
• 5. Program objects should be chosen such that they match closely with the real-world objects. 
• 6 Objects can interact without having to know details of each other’s data or code. 

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