Btech Rural Development: Administration and Planning KHU-701/KHU-801 Aktu Short Question, Notes Pdf

Discover the B.Tech AKTU Quantum Book Short Question Notes on Rural Development: Administration and Planning. Learn about rural governance concepts, development tactics, and how to promote rural prosperity.

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Unit-I: Rural Planning and Development (Short Question)

Q1. What is Rural Development ? Give the scope and importance of Rural Development. 

Ans. Rural development is commonly used to describe the process of increasing the quality of life and financial well-being of individuals who live outside of urban areas. 

Q2. Give the scope and importance of Rural Development. 

Ans. Scope of rural development include: 

• i. Agricultural growth, 
• ii. Putting up of economic and social infrastructure,
• iii. Housing and house sites for the landless, 
• iv. Village planning, 
• v. Public health, 
• vi. Education and functional literacy. 

Q3. Explain the development of agriculture and allied activities in rural development. 

Ans. Agriculture and related activities must be developed in order to provide gainful employment in rural regions and improve total food production. 

Q4. Give the major objectives of rural development. 

Ans. The major objectives of rural development are as follows: 

• 1. To improve productivity and wages of rural people. 
• 2. To bring about a greater socio-economic equity. 
• 3. To bring about a spatial balance in social and economic development, 
• 4. To guarantee an increase in the standard of living of the underprivileged population. 
• 5. To provide the basic needs.  

Q5. What are the key issues in rural development ? 

Ans. The key issues in rural development are: 

• 1. Development of infrastructure. 
• 2. Reduction of poverty. 
• 3. Development of health facilities. 
• 4. Development of productive resources. 
• 5. Development of human resources.  

Q6. What are the basic elements of rural development ?

Ans. Following are the three basic elements of rural development: 

• 1. Basic Necessities of Life. 
• 2. Self Respect. 
• 3. Freedom.  

Q7. Name policies and programmes undertaken by government of India for rural development in the agricultural sector.  

Ans. Following are some important government policies and programmes in agriculture: 

• 1. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY).
• 2. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY). 
• 3. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY). 
• 4. Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP). 
• 5. National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA). 
• 6. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA). 

Q8. What is Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) ?

Ans. The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) is a government-sponsored crop insurance programme that brings together numerous stakeholders on a single platform. 

Q9. What are the objectives of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) ? 

Ans. Objectives of PMFBY: 

• 1. To offer farmers with insurance coverage and financial assistance in the event that any of the notified crops fails. 
• 2. To steady farmers’ income. 
• 3. Encourage farmers to use innovative and cutting-edge agricultural practises. 
• 4. To ensure credit flow to the agricultural sector. 

Q10. What is Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) ? 

Ans. The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) was created with the goal of expanding irrigation coverage and improving water usage efficiency in a targeted manner. 

Q11. What are the objectives of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) ? 

Ans. Objectives of PMKSY: 

• 1. To achieve convergence of irrigation investments at the field level. 
• 2. Increase cultivable land under guaranteed irrigation. 
• 3. Increase the efficiency of on-farm water use to reduce water waste. 
• 4. Promote precision irrigation and other water-saving technology. 
• 5. Improve aquifer recharge and implement long-term water conservation practises.  

Q12. What is Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojna (PKVY) ? 

Ans. The Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojna (PKVY) strives to develop sustainable organic farming practises using a combination of ancient wisdom and modern science to assure long-term soil fertility, resource conservation, and aid in climate change adaptation and mitigation. 

Q13. What are the objectives of Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojna (PKVY) ?

Ans. Objectives of PKVY: 

• 1. Promote organic farming among rural youth/farmers/consumers/ traders. 
• 2. Disseminate latest technologies in organic farming. 
• 3. Utilize the services of experts from public agricultural research system in India. 
• 4. Organize a minimum of one cluster demonstration in a village. 

Q14. What is Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP) ? 

Ans. The Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP) seeks to improve the quality of life of farmers, particularly small and marginal farmers, by providing a comprehensive package of activities designed to maximise agricultural yields. 

Q15. What are the objectives of Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP) ?  

Ans. Objectives of RADP: 

• 1. Increasing agricultural productivity of rainfed areas. 
• 2. To minimise the adverse impact of possible crop failure. 
• 3. Enhancement of farmer’s income and livelihood support. 
• 4. Convergence of relevant developmental programmes in project area for optimal utilisation of resources.

Q16. What is National Watershed Development Project in Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA)?  

Ans. The National Watershed Development Project in Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) is a rental support initiative for farmer families living below the poverty level.  

Q17. What are the objectives of National Watershed Development Project in Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) ?

Ans. Objectives of NWDPRA: 

• 1. Natural Resource Management. 
• 2. To enhance cash flow through employment generation. 
• 3. To strengthen people’s participation in project planning. implementation and monitoring. 
• 4. To restore ecological balance of the catchments area. 
• 5. To improve the socio-economic status of the cultivators. 

Q18. What is National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)?

Ans. The National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) was created to increase agricultural output, particularly in rainfed areas, by focusing on integrated farming, water usage efficiency, soil health management, and resource synergy. 

Q19. What are the objectives of National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) ?
Ans. Objectives of NMSA: 

• 1. Increasing agricultural productivity, sustainability, remuneration, and climate resilience. 
• 2. To conserve natural resources by implementing effective soil and moisture conservation methods. 
• 3. Implementation of comprehensive soil health management practises. 
• 4. To maximise the use of water resources. 
• 5. Increasing the capability of farmers and stakeholders. 

Q20. What is the mandate of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) ?

Ans. The MGNREGA mandate is to give at least 100 days of guaranteed pay employment to every rural household whose adult members agree to conduct unskilled manual labour in a fiscal year. 

Q21. What are the core objectives of MGNREGA?

Ans. The core objectives of the MGNREGS are: 

• 1. Providing not less than one hundred days of unskilled manual work as a guaranteed employment in a financial year to every household in rural areas; 
• 2. Strengthening the livelihood resource base of the poor; 
• 3. Proactively ensuring social inclusion and 
• 4. Strengthening Panchayati Raj Institutions.  

Q22. Name policies and programmes undertaken by government Ans. of India for the social security of rural sector. 

Ans. 1. Atal Pension Yojana (APY). 

2. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY). 

3. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY).  

Q23. What is the age group eligible to join Atal Pension Yojana (APY) ? 

Ans. Atal Pension Yojana (APY) currently is open to all Indian citizens in the 18-40 age group. 

Q24. What is the age group eligible to join Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) ?

Ans. All individual (single or joint) bank account holders in the 18-70 year age group are eligible to join PMSBY. 

Q25. What is the age group eligible to join Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) ?

Ans. PMJJBY is available to people in the 18-50 age group having a savings bank account. 

Q26. Name some policies and programmes undertaken by government of India for the social sector.  

Ans. Following are some rural development programmes in area of social sector undertaken in India: 

• 1. 20 Point Programme. 
• 2. Minimum Needs Programme (MNP). 
• 3. Food For Work Programme (FFW). 
• 4. National Rural Employment Programme (NREP). 
• 5. Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP). 
• 6. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY). 
• 7. Self-Employment for the Educated Unemployed Youths (SEEUY). 
• 8. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP). 
• 9. Indira Awas Yojana (IAY). 

Q27. Explain Twenty Point Programme (TPP).

Ans. The Twenty Point Programme was first introduced in 1975. Priority areas were designated under this project that required immediate and positive attention.

Q28. What is the objective of Twenty Point Programme ?

Ans. The basic objective of the 20-Point Programme is to eradicate poverty and to improve the quality of life of the poor. 

Q29. Explain Minimum Needs Programme (MNP).  

Ans. The Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) was established as part of the Fifth Five-Year Plan. Its goal was to ensure a bare minimum level of living. The aim was to develop a network of facilities in order to achieve an acceptable level of social consumption for selected commodities within a specified time frame. 

Q30. What is the objective of Minimum Needs Programme (MNP ) ? 

Ans. Its objective is to ensure a basic minimum standard of life for all sections of people living in the rural areas of the country. 

Q31. Explain Food For Work Programme (FFW). 

Ans. In April 1977, the Food for Work Programme was established. The plan intends to create more job possibilities in rural communities as well as long-term community assets that will help to build rural infrastructure.  

Q32. What are the objectives of Food For Work Programme (FFW) ?

Ans. 1. The major goal was to preserve the lives of the underprivileged by providing them with food grains. 

2. A secondary goal was to force them to do some national-building activity, such as road construction. 

Q33. Explain National Rural Employment Programme (NREP). 

Ans. The NREP was established in 1980 with the goal of dramatically increasing rural job prospects. 

Q34. What are the objectives of National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) ?

Ans. 1. Creation of additional productive employment opportunities for unemployed and underemployed rural residents. 

2. Development of productive community assets to provide direct and ongoing benefits to the disadvantaged. 

3. An increase in the overall quality of life in rural communities. 

Q35. Explain Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP). 

Ans. The RLEGP debuted in 1983-84. While most of the objectives and stipulations were similar to those of NREP, it was to be limited to the landless, with 100 days of guaranteed employment. 

Q36. What are the objectives of Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) ?

Ans. 1. Improving and extending work options for rural landless people with the goal of ensuring employment for at least one member of every landless household for up to 100 days per year. 

2. Developing long-term assets to boost infrastructure in order to fulfil the expanding needs of the rural economy. 

Q37. Explain Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY). 

Ans. On April 1, 1989, the Jawahar Rozgar Yojna was launched by combining the National Rural jobs Programme (NREP) and the Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) to provide additional gainful jobs for rural unemployed and underemployed people.  

Q38. What are the objectives of Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) ? 

Ans. 1. The primary goal of the yojana was to provide additional productive work in rural areas. 

2. The other goal was to create long-term employment by improving rural economic infrastructure. 

Q39. Explain Self-Employment for the Educated Unemployed Youths (SEEUY).  

Ans. During 1983-84, Govt. of India started Self-Employment for the Educated Unemployed Youth (SEEUY) to encourage the educated unemployed youth to undertake self-employment ventures. 

Q40. What is the objective of Self-Employment for the Educated Unemployed Youths (SEEUY)?  

Ans. The scheme’s goal is to inspire educated unemployed youngsters to start their own businesses in Industry, Services, and Business by providing a package of help.  

Q41. Explain Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP). 

Ans. The goal of the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) is to give underprivileged people with work possibilities as well as opportunity to expand their skill sets in order to better their living situations. 

Q42. What are the objectives of Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) ?

Ans. 1. To help families who lie below the poverty line and to enhance their state of living. 

2. To empower the poor by helping them develop at every level. 

3. Providing productive assets and inputs to its target groups. 

Q43. Explain Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY).

Ans. The Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) was the Ministry of Rural Development’s main housing scheme, aimed at building dwellings for the below-poverty-line (BPL) people in rural India. 

Q44. What are the objectives of Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) ?

Ans. 1. To assist in the construction of houses in rural areas. 

2. To assist in the development of dwellings by providing suitable provisions, such as workplaces within the house. 

3. Designing dwellings depending on the needs of the inhabitants. 

Unit-II: Rural Development Programmes (Short Question)

Q1. What are the objectives of Sriniketan Experiment ?

Ans. The objectives of the mission were: 

• 1. To gain the affection and goodwill of villagers and cultivators. 
• 2. To bring the village and field problems to the classroom for study. 
• 3. To put students in positions to gain practical experience in agriculture and related sectors. 
• 4. To provide students with basic science training related to their practical practise. 
• 5. To instill in the staff and students a genuine desire to help the people of the surrounding communities. 
• 6. To instill in students a proper feeling of their own intrinsic value.  

Q2. The Sriniketan programme covered which areas ?

Ans. The Sriniketan programme covered broadly four general areas: agriculture, crafts and industries, village welfare and education. 

Q3. Give the significance of Sriniketan programme. 

Ans. Significance of Sriniketan programme is as follows: 

• 1. The Cooperative movement was a significant aspect of the experiment. 
• 2. Another concept ‘Dharmagola’ reflecting the principle of cooperative was introduced in 1928 for the benefit of the villagers. 
• 3. Mahila Samities (Women’s Association) played a considerable role in the economic and social welfare of the community. 

Q4. Give the drawbacks of Sriniketan Experiment. 

Ans. Drawbacks: 

• 1. This institute could not get Government help and support. 
• 2. It could not do research work and hence the programmes remained limited. 

Q5. Who started the Gurgaon Experiment ?

Ans. Gurgaon Experiment was first started by Mr. F. L. Brayne in 1920. 

Q6. What are the objectives of Gurgaon Experiment ?

Ans. The objectives of the Gurgaon Experiment were: 

• 1. To increase crop production, 
• 2. To control extra expenditure, 
• 3. To improve the health, 
• 4. To develop the feeling of women-education, and 
• 5. Home development work. 

Q7. What were the various activities introduced in Gurgaon Experiment? 

Ans. The activities introduced by Brayne in Gurgaon Experiment were: 

• 1. In 1925, a rural economy school was established to teach village guides. 
• 2. In 1926, a domestic economic school was established to train groups of women as part of the women and children welfare work. 
• 3. A health association that operated five health centres in the district. 
• 4. A women’s institute in Gurgaon to maintain the Gurgaon ladies’ garden. 

Q8. Give the drawbacks of Gurgaon Experiment. 

Ans. Drawbacks: 

• 1. As the village guides were not technical men, very little permanent value was achieved. 
• 2. The project could not develop leadership in the villages. 
• 3. This project was based upon the sentiments of F.L. Brayne and when he was transferred, gradually this programme stopped. 
• 4. Reforms were imposed on the people, rather than initiated by themselves.  

Q9. Who started the Marthandam Experiment ? 

Ans. The work was started by Dr. Spencer Hatch an American Agricultural expert in Travancore under the auspicious of YMCA in 1921. 

Q10. What are the objectives of Marthandam Experiment ?  

Ans. The main objectives of this project were: 

• 1. Spiritual development 
• 2. Mental development 
• 3. Physical development
• 4. Social development 
• 5. Economic development 

Q11. Give the drawbacks of Marthandam Experiment. 

Ans. Drawbacks: 

• 1. The main shortcomings of the project were inadequate funds and governmental help. 
• 2. After the death of Dr. Hatch, there was a conflict on the question of leadership.
• 3. Due to no economic advantage to the non-paid workers, this programme could not survive.  

Q12. Who started the Baroda Experiment ? 

Ans. This movement was started by V.T. Krishnachari in 1932 in the Baroda state where he was Dewan at that time. 

Q13. What are the objectives of Baroda Experiment ?

Ans. The main objectives of this project were: 

• 1. The first goal was to achieve quick increases in living conditions, industrialisation, and rapid expansion of the educational system. 
• 2. The second goal was to increase agricultural production by providing basic necessities. 

Q14. What was the working system adopted by Baroda Experiment ?  

Ans. Working System: 

• 1. By personal education and contact by the village guides. 
• 2. To use the school teacher of village in the extension of programme. 
• 3. To use the traditional means of extension. 

Q15. Where was the Baroda Experiment started ?

Ans. This project was started in the district of Navsari in the Gujarat State. 

Q16. Who started the Firkha Development Scheme ? 

Ans. The Madras Government started the Firka Development Scheme in 1946 with the goal of realising Gandhi’s ideal of “Village Swaraj.”  

Q17. What are the objectives of Firkha Development Scheme ?

Ans. The main objectives of this project were: 

• 1. The scheme’s short-term goals were to provide basic amenities and an institutional framework for carrying out communication, water supply, sanitation, and the development of panchayats and cooperatives. 
• 2. The long-term goals were to achieve self-sufficiency in food, clothing, and housing, as well as to expand agriculture, animal husbandry, khadi, and village industries.  

Q18. Give the administrative structure of Firkha Development Scheme. 

Ans. The administrative machinery consisted of: 

• 1. Director of Rural Welfare at the State level, 
• 2. The Collector at District level,
• 3. The Rural Welfare Officer at Firka level and 5 to 10 Gramasevaks under him.
• 4. Besides these, staffs for Agriculture and Public Works were also provided for every Firka. 

Q19. Who started the Etawah Pilot Project ?

Ans. This project was started in 1948 by Mr. Albert Mayer of USA who came to India with the American forces in 1944.  

Q20. Where was the Etawah Pilot Project started ?

Ans. This project was started at a village called Mahewa in UP. 

Q21. What are the objectives of Etawah Pilot Project ?

Ans. Objectives of Etawah Pilot Project: 

• 1. To determine the extent of productive and social improvements possible through self-confidence and cooperatives; 
• 2. To determine how quickly these results could be attained; 
• 3. To determine whether the results are permanent even after the special pressure is removed; and 
• 4. To determine how far the results were reproducible in other places. 

Q22. Who started the Nilokheri Experiment ?

Ans. Nilokheri Experiment was started under the leadership of S.K. Dey who was then, the Minister of Community Development.

Q23. What was the primary purpose of Nilokheri Experiment ?  

Ans. Its primary purpose was to develop a new township to rehabilitate displaced persons from West Pakistan.  

Q24. Where was the Nilokheri Experiment started ?

Ans. The project began on a swampy desolate land near a vocational training centre on the Delhi-Ambala route. 

Q25. What are the objectives of Mazdoor Manzil scheme ? 

Ans.

• 1. This scheme gave the people:
  • i. Training on agricultural implements preparation, 
  • ii. Training on cottage industries, 
  • iii. Training on carpentry etc. 
• 2. Along with technical and vocational instruction, work centres in crafts such as weaving, calico printing, soap making, laundry, bakery, tinsmithy, blacksmithy, general mechanics, leather, and a variety of other crafts and skills were established. 

Q26. What do you understand by Rural Development ? 

Ans. Rural development is the process of increasing the quality of life and economic well-being of people who live in rural areas, which are frequently remote and sparsely inhabited. 

Q27. In todays environment which of the area demand more focused attention in Rural Development ?

Ans. Following areas demand more focused attention in Rural Development: 

• 1. Education. 
• 2. Public health and Sanitation. 
• 3. Women empowerment. 
• 4. Infrastructure development (electricity, irrigation, etc.). 
• 5. Facilities for agriculture extension and research. 
• 6. Availability of credit. 
• 7. Employment opportunities.  

Q28. Give the importance of Rural Development.

Ans. Importance of Rural Development: 

• 1. Rural development is crucial not just for the rural majority of the people, but also for the nation’s total economic growth. 
• 2. Rural development is regarded as being of significant importance in the nation’s evolution. 
• 3. It is a strategy aimed at increasing production, increasing socioeconomic equality, and ensuring social and economic development stability. 

Q29. Give the objectives of Rural Development. 

Ans. Objectives of Rural Development: 

• 1. To improve productivity and wages of rural people. 
• 2. To guarantee increased and quick employment possibilities. 
• 3. To demolish unemployment and bring a notable decline in underemployment.

Q30. What are different approaches to rural development in India ? 

Ans. The types of approaches to rural development are as follows: 

• 1. Broad front Approach. 
• 2. Sectoral Approach. 
• 3. Participatory Approach. 
• 4. Area Development Approach. 
• 5. Target Approach. 
• 6. Basic Needs Approach. 
• 7. Employment-oriented Integrated Approach to Rural Development. 
• 8. Integrated Development Approach. 
• 9. Growth Center Approach. 
• 10. Community-Driven Development (CDD) or Approach. 
• 11. Gandhian Approach. 
• 12. Tagore Approach. 

Q31. Describe Gandhian approach to rural community development. 

Ans. 1. Gandhian approach to rural development attaches supreme importance to moral values. 

2. It gives primacy to moral values over material conditions. 

Q32. What are the basic tenents of the Gandhian ideal social order ?  

Ans. Following are the basic tenents of the Gandhian ideal social order: 

• 1. Ideal Village. 
• 2. Decentralisation. 
• 3. Self-sufficiency. 
• 4. Industrialization. 
• 5. Trusteeship. 

Unit-III: Panchayati Raj and Rural Administration (Short Question)

Q1. Explain Panchayati Raj in India. 

Ans. 1. Panchayati Raj (Council of five officials) is a system of village local self-government in rural India. 

2. It consists of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), which enable localities to exercise self-government.  

Q2. Explain the structure of Panchayati Raj Institutions in India.  

Ans. There are three levels of PRIs: 

• 1. The Gram Panchayats at village level. 
• 2. The Panchayat Samiti at block level. 
• 3. The Zila Parishad at district level. 

Q3. Mention specific objectives of Panchayat Raj. 

Ans. Specific objectives: 

• 1. Assistance to the economically weaker sections of the community. 
• 2. Cohesion and cooperative self help in the community. 
• 3. Development of cooperative institutions. 
• 4. Development of local resources including the utilization of manpower. 

Q4. Mention philosophy of Panchayat Raj.  

Ans. 1. Panchayati Raj Institutions – the grass-roots entities of self-government in rural India – have been designated as vehicles for socioeconomic reform. 

2. The active involvement, contribution, and participation of its citizens, both male and female, would be required for these bodies to function effectively and meaningfully. 

Q5. What do you mean by Gram Panchayats ?

Ans. A Gramme, which means a village or a cluster of villages, is divided into at least five constituencies based on the number of voters in the Gramme. Each of these constituencies elects one member. The Gramme Panchayat is the body of these elected members. 

Q6. Explain the major functions of Gram Panchayats.

Ans. Functions of Gram Panchayats: 

• 1. Preparation of Annual Plans for the development of the village Panchayat area. 
• 2. Preparation Annual Budget of Village Panchayat. 
• 3. Mobilization of relief in natural calamities.  

Q7. What do you mean by Panchayat Samiti ?  

Ans. Panchayat samiti is an intermediate tehsil (taluka/mandal) level rural local government (panchayat) entity in India. It is useful for the villages of the tehsil, which form a development block. 

Q8. Explain the major funçtions of Panchayat Samiti.  

Ans. Functions of Panchayat Samiti: 

• 1. The Panchayat Samitis’ major functions are to design, execute, and supervise all developmental programmes in the Block. 
• 2. It also monitors the activities of Gramme Panchayats within its jurisdiction.  

Q9. What do you mean by Zila Parishad ? 

Ans. The Zila Panchayat, also known as the District Council, Mandal Parishad, or District Panchayat, is the third tier of the Panchayati Raj system, and it operates at the district level in all states. A Zila Parishad is a democratically elected body. 

Q10. Explain the major functions of Zila Parishad.  

Ans. Functions of Zila Parishad: 

• 1. It works as advisory body for blocks. 
• 2. It approves budget and plan of blocks. 
• 3. It allots funds to the blocks.  

Q11. Which Article and part of constitution are associated with Panchayati Raj Institution?

Ans. Article 40 and part IV of constitution are associated with Panchayati Raj Institution. 

Q12. Provision for Panchayats is included in part of constitution ?

Ans. Provision for Panchayats is included in part IV of constitution. 

Q13. Whats is Article 40 of constitution ? 

Ans. Article 40 delegates to the State the responsibility to create Village Panchayats and endow them with the authorities and authority necessary for them to function as units of self-government. 

Q14. Who recommended the formal organisation and structure of Panchayati Raj?

Ans. Panchayati Raj formal organisation and structure was firstly recommended by Balwant Rai committee. 

Q15. When did the recommendations of the Balwantrai Mehta Committee came into effect?

Ans. The recommendations of the Balwantrai Mehta Committee came into effect on 1^st April 1958.  

Q16. Which state first implemented recommendations of the Balwantrai Mehta Committee ? 

Ans. Rajasthan was the first state to implement recommendations of the Balwantrai Mehta Committee on 2^nd October 1959.  

Q17. Was the recommendations of the Ashok Mehta Committee implemented ?

Ans. No, because the Janata Government collapsed before the end of its term, no action could be taken on the Ashok Mehta Committee’s recommendations. 

Q18. What was the conclusion of GVK Rao Committee ? 

Ans. 1. The Committee concluded that the development process had become increasingly bureaucratic and decoupled from Panchayati Raj. 

2. The phenomenon of development administration bureaucratisation as opposed to democratisation damaged Panchayati Raj institutions.  

Q19. What was the recommendation of GVK Rao Committee ?  

Ans. To decentralised the system of field administration, GVK Rao Committee assigned a leading role to the Panchayati Raj in local planning and development.  

Q20. Explain L.M. Singhvi Committee. 

Ans. The L.M. Singhvi Committee works to revitalise Panchayati Raj Institutions for democracy and development. L.M. Singhvi was nominated as chairman of the committee by the Rajiv Gandhi government in 1986. 

Q21. What is 73^rd Amendment Act, 1992. 

Ans. 1. The 73rd Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1992, created a new section to the Constitution known as Part IX. 

2. It also included a new XI schedule with a list of 29 functional items for Panchyats, as well as statutory requirements for the establishment, empowerment, and operation of Panchayati Raj institutions.  

Q22. Mention some issues that Panchayati Raj Institutions are facing. .

Ans. 1. In India the panchayats has minimal powers to generate revenue. 

2. No state or U.T. have transferred all 29 functions or subjects to the PRI. 

3. Limited efforts have been made to empower elected PRI representatives. 

Q23. How to ensure people’s participation in Panchayati Raj ?

Ans. Following circumstances helps in strengthening people’s participation in PRIs: 

• 1. Strengthening the Gram Sabha. 
• 2. Developing strong leadership of women and Dalits. 
• 3. Enabling Panchayats to have control over their own resources. 
• 4. Establishing linkages between Community Groups and PRIs. 

Q24. What is the current financial position of PRIs in India? 

Ans. All PRIs have a poor fiscal base. Resource mobilisation by the PRIs is generally limited. 

Q25. What is the need of Finance Commissions in Panchayati Raj Institutions ? 

Ans. The Finance Commissions have been appointed in order to improve the financial position of the PRIs. 

Q26. Give the objectives of Finance Commissions. 

Ans. Objectives of Finance Commissions: 

• 1. To collect data regarding the finances of the PRIs. 
• 2. To study the structure and functions allocated to the Panchayati Raj Institutions. 
• 3. To analyse the resource situation with regard to the functions allocated to the PRIs. 

Q27. Give the structure of rural finance in India. 

Ans. The rural finance market comprises of: 

• 1. Organized or formal segment. 
• 2. Unorganized or informal segment. 

Q28. Name some organized/formal segment of rural finance market. 

                                                         OR

Which are the various government organizations working in the field of rural finance in India ? 

Ans. The organized/formal segment consists of: 

• 1. The Reserve Bank of Indía (RBI), 
• 2. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), 
• 3. Public and Private Sector Commercial Banks, 
• 4. Regional Rural Banks (RRB), 
• 5. Land Development Banks (LDB), 
• 6. State Cooperative Banks (SCB), 
• 7. Central Cooperative Banks (CCB), 
• 8. Primary Agricultural Cooperative Banks (PACB), 
• 9. Central and States Governments, 
• 10. Life Insurance Corporation (LIC), 
• 11. Post Office Savings Bank.  

Q29. Name some unorganized/informal segment of rural finance market.  

Ans. The unorganized/informal segment consists of:

• 1. Relatives and friends. 
• 2. Money lenders. 
• 3. Traders and Commission Agents. 

Q30. What are the different levels at which the individual or the community in the village can interacts with PRIs ?  

Ans. The individual or the community in the village can interacts with PRIs at following level:

• 1. The Gram Panchayats at village level. 
• 2. The Panchayat Samiti at block level. 
• 3. The Zila Parishad at district level.  

Q31. The Ministry of Rural Development consists which departments ? 

Ans. The Ministry of Rural Development consists of following two departments: 

• 1. Department of Rural Development. 
• 2. Department of Land Resources. 

Q32. The Department of Land Resources runs which national level programs ?

Ans. The Department of Land Resources runs three national-level programs:

• 1. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojna (Watershed Development Component). 
• 2. Digital India Land Record Modernization Programme. 
• 3. Neeranchal National Watershed Project. 

Q33. What is an NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) ?

Ans. A non-governmental organisation (NGO) is a charitable organisation that operates independently of any government. 

Q34. What are Community Based Organizations (CBOs). 

Ans. Community-based organisations (CBOs) are non-profit organisations that work on a local level to enhance inhabitants’ lives. 

Q35. What are the various work conducted by CBOs?

Ans. Work conducted by CBOs generally falls into: 

• 1. Affordable housing, 
• 2. Food security, 
• 3. Environmental protection/conservation, 
• 4. Community sustainability, 
• 5. Humanitarian/disaster response, 
• 6. Medical relief funds. 

Q36. What are Self Help Groups (SHGs) ? 

Ans. SHGs are informal associations of people who get together to identify solutions to improve their living situations. 

Q37. Describe the functions of SHGs. 

Ans. Functions of SHGs: 

• 1. Income generation for the poor. 
• 2. Access to banks for poor, financial inclusion. 
• 3. A pressure group in Gram Panchayats. 
• 4. SocialUpliftment of marginal sections. 
• 5. Upliftment of women. 

Q38. Why SHG are a necessity in rural development ?  

Ans. One of the primary causes of rural poverty is a lack of access to credit and financial services. SHGs play an important role in providing credit to the poor, which is critical for poverty alleviation. 

Q39. What are the various benefits of SHGs ?  

Ans. Following are the various benefits of SHGs: 

• 1. Social integrity. 
• 2. Gender Equity. 
• 3. Pressure Groups. 
• 4. Voice to marginalized section, 
• 5. Financial Inclusion. 
• 6. Alternate source of employment. 

Unit-IV: Rural Development (Short Question)

Q1. What do you understand by Human Resource Development (HRD) ?  

Ans. Human Resource Development (HRD) is described as policies and programmes that provide equal chances.   

Q2. Enumerate the need for human resource development in rural sector. 

Ans. Many of the rural poor lack marketable skills, drastically limiting their earning potential. Individual and family development is greatly influenced by human resource development. HRD can help families and entire villages improve their socioeconomic outcomes. 

Q3. Outline the key elements of Human Resource Development. 

Ans. Following are the key elements of Human Resource Development: 

• 1. The work itself which generates a higher degree of responsibility for the workforce. 
• 2. The individual who grows personally and professionally. 
• 3. The work output of improved quality resulting from increased responsibilities. 
• 4. Organisational functions and structures built in an open system. 

Q4. Explain the concept of Human Resource Development Dimensions in rural area. 

Ans. Human resource development factors take front stage in the geographical examination of a rural area. It is the foundation for all other types of development for the peace and prosperity of the rural population. 

Q5. What does health as a Human Resource Development dimension consists of ?  

Ans. Both an individual’s physical and mental health are considered when discussing health as a factor of human resource development.

Q6. What do you mean by physical dimension of Human Resource Development ?

Ans. Physical dimension refers to the state of the body, its compositions, development, functions, maintenance, etc. 

Q7. What do you mean by mental dimension of Human Resource Development ?

Ans. Mental dimension refers to right, fit and healthy creative abilities of mind. 

Q8. Why is health consider an important indicator of human resources development ?

Ans. Health is an important indication of human resource development since it facilitates learning, increases stamina, and increases energy output. 

Q9. What does education as a Human Resource Development dimension consists of ? 

Ans. This dimension is primarily intended for enhancing, upgrading, improving, and raising an individual’s mental or intellectual potential such as learning, memory, reasoning, thinking, competency, and other intellectual capacity. 

Q10. What does skill development as a Human Resource Development dimension consists of ? 

Ans. Skill development is the process of developing an individual’s intellectual and physical talents for use in socially productive arenas to satisfy the requirements of people in society as a whole.

Q11. What does skill development as a Human Resource Development dimension consists of ? 

Ans. The qualitative dimension of human resource development is training. Training aids in the development of an individual’s experience, knowledge, talents, and so on. 

Q12. What do you mean by nutritional status ?

Ans. Nutritional status is a measure of an individual’s health since it is influenced mostly by food intake and nutrient utilisation. 

Q13. What do you mean by food security?

Ans. Food security is defined as access by all people at all times to the food needed for a healthy life.  

Q14. Mention the dimensions of food security. 

Ans. Food security has three important dimensions: 

• 1. Adequate availability of food supplies; 
• 2. Assured access to sufficient food for all individuals; and 
• 3. Its proper utilization to provide a proper and balanced diet. 

Q15. Why nutrition plays a critical role in human resource development ?

Ans. Nutrition is important in human resource development because a lack of key nutrients leads to malnutrition, which affects an individual’s mental and physical health, resulting in poor health and poor work performance. 

Q16. What are the are various basic amenities who’s access needs improvement ?

Ans. Following are various basic amenities who’s access needs improvement: 

• 1. Access to Drinking Water Facility. 
• 2. Access to Sanitation Facilities. 
• 3. Access to Electricity use for Domestic Purpose. 
• 4. Access to Quality Housing. 
• 5. Access to Drainage Arrangement. 

Q17. What is meant by population composition ?

Ans. Population composition refers to the structure of the population.

Q18. How is population composition helpful ?

Ans. The demographic composition tells us how many people are males or females, what age groups they belong to, how educated they are and what kind of occupations they work in, as well as their income levels and health conditions.  

Q19. What are population pyramids ?

Ans. A population pyramid is a graphical representation of a population’s distribution by age groups and gender; it often takes the shape of a pyramid when the population is expanding. 

Q20. How do population pyramids help in understanding about the population of a country ?

Ans. The population pyramid’s shape reveals the tale of the people who live in that country. The number of children (under the age of 15) is shown at the bottom and reflects the number of births. The size of the top represents the number of persons above the age of 65 and the number of fatalities. 

Unit-V: Rural Industrialization and Entrepreneurship (Short Question)

Q1. Explain the concept of industrialization in rural India. 

Ans. Rural industrialization entails promoting channels of employment in non-farm activities on a broadly scattered basis closer to the poor’s place of residence. 

Q2. What do you mean by rural industries ? 

Ans. Rural industries are non-farm operations that rely on rural resources and are primarily intended to generate employment through the effective use of locally accessible resources, human capital, and technologies. 

Q3. What is the working philosophy of rural industries ?

Ans. Because one of the primary goals of rural enterprises is to create jobs, they typically utilise the idea of mass production. 

Q4. Give the significance of rural industrialization. 

Ans. The significance of rural industrialization are as follow: 

• 1. They can reduce urban migration and so alleviate urbanisation difficulties. 
• 2. They contribute to environmental improvement by lowering the concentration of industrial units in major cities. 
• 3. They can boost rural income and provide farmers with non-farm employment.  

Q5. Explain the reasons of slow growth of rural industries in India. 

Ans. Following are probable explanations for the slow growth of rural Industries: 

• 1. Inadequacy of financial assistance. 
• 2. Ineffective common production programmes. 
• 3. Mismatch of technology upgradation. 
• 4. Lack of effective linkages with other sectors. 

Q6. Give the positive impacts of industrialization in rural India.

Ans. Positive impact of industrialization: 

• 1. Low cost of production. 
• 2. Self-sufficient. 
• 3. Employment. 
• 4. Improved Agriculture.

Q7. Give the negative impacts of industrialization in rural India. 

Ans. Negative Impact of Industrialization: 

• 1. Decline of cottage industry. 
• 2. Mass migration from rural areas. 
• 3. Depletion of natural resources. 
• 4. Pollution.  

Q8. Explain Gandhian approach to rural industrialization. 

Ans. Gandhiji’s approach to rural development in India was holistic and people-centered. He discovered that the majority of the country’s progress is based on the development of its rural villages. Ganhji defined rural development as self-sufficiency, interdependence for other needs, and the growth of local industry. 

Q9. Give the various values and premises of Gandhian Model of rural development. 

Ans. The Gandhian Model of rural development is based on the following values and premises: 

• 1. Rural India is found not in its cities, but in its villages. 
• 2. Non-exploitation of villagers. 
• 3. Simple living and high thinking. 
• 4. Dignity of labour. 
• 5. Preference to the use of swadeshi products. 
• 6. Balance between the ends and the means. 

Q10. What are the principal components of the Gandhian Model? 

Ans. The principal components of the Gandhian Model are: 

• 1. Self-sufficient Village Economy. 
• 2. Decentralisation. 
• 3. Panchayati Raj. 
• 4. Khadi and Village Industries. 
• 5. Cooperatives. 
• 6. Trusteeship. 
• 7. Village Sanitation.  

Q11. Discuss self-sufficient village economy as the principal components of the Gandhian Model.  

Ans. Gandhiji insisted on Indian communities being self-sufficient. He proposed that towns generate their own food, clothing, and other necessities to meet their fundamental needs. 

Q12. Discuss decentralisation as the principal components of the Gandhian Model. 

Ans. Gandhi is a staunch believer that village republics can only be established by the decentralisation of social and political power. Decision-making power will be vested in the Village Panchayat rather than the State or the national capital in such a setup. 

Q13. Discuss panchayati raj as the principal components of the Gandhian Model. 

Ans. Gandhiji envisioned each village in India as a republic, with the village panchayat having complete control over its affairs, including defence. He expected the panchayat to perform the legislative, executive, and judicial responsibilities required for the local economy to run smoothly. 

Q14. Discuss khadi and village industries as the principal components of the Gandhian Model.

Ans. For Gandhiji, khadi was a tool for decentralising production and distribution of life’s necessities, as well as assuring work for all. He also advocated for the development of various village businesses such as hand grinding, hand pounding, sop making, paper making, mental making, oilseed crushing, tanning, and so on. 

Q15. Discuss cooperatives as the principal components of the Gandhian Model. 

Ans. Cooperation as a tool for rural development was highly valued by Gandhiji. He allocated special tasks to agricultural cooperatives, praising the growth of cooperative farming and limiting further land fragmentation. 

Q16. Discuss trusteeship as the principal components of the Gandhian Model. 

Ans. Gandhiji saw trusteeship as a tool for converting society’s capitalist order into an egalitarian one. He campaigned for social ownership and management of land and other natural resources for the benefit of the community. Landlords should just act as trustees for land, natural resources, and capital assets. 

Q17. Discuss village sanitation as the principal components of the Gandhian Model.

Ans. The ideal village envisioned by Gandhiji might be built on the principles of public hygiene and sanitation. Houses must be built with locally accessible materials and have adequate light and ventilation. 

Q18. Mention different approaches of appropriate technology for rural industries. 

Ans. The social welfare approach and the technology specifications approach are two approaches to adapt technology for rural industry. 

Q19. What is social welfare approach of appropriate technology for rural industries ? 

Ans. The social welfare method selects a technology combination that maximises the achievement of a society’s objectives. This concept is difficult to implement since societal aims are not clearly defined and frequently contradict.  

Q20. What is technology specifications approach of appropriate technology for rural industries ?

Ans. The technology specs technique compares a technology’s projected outcomes to a list of qualities commonly associated with “appropriateness.” These features are outlined in terms of the predicted socioeconomic and environmental implications on rural poor people.  

Q21. Mention the factors on which appropriateness of a technology depends?

Ans. The appropriateness of a technology depends on: 

• 1. How it is used, 
• 2. What it is used to produce, and 
• 3. Who gains and loses as a result of the production and consumption decisions.  

Q22. Give the classification of technologies used in rural industries.

Ans. Classification of technologies used in rural industries: 

• 1. Traditional technologies. 
• 2. Upgraded traditional technologies. 
• 3. Off-the-shelf modern technologies. 
• 4. Down-scaled modern technologie. 
• 5. Innovative replacement technologies. 

Q23. What do you understand by traditional technologies ?

Ans. Traditional technologies are those that have been used in production or consumption for at least 25 years.

Q24. What do you understand by upgraded traditional technologies ?  

Ans. Upgraded traditional technologies combine fundamental features of traditional technologies but have been upgraded to take advantage of the potential for higher inherent efficiencies or economies of scale.

Q25. What do you understand by off-the -shelf modern technologies ? 

Ans. Off-the-shelf modern technologies have been in use for a relatively short time, generally less than 25 years. 

Q26. What do you understand by down-scaled modern technologies ? 

Ans. Down-scaled modern technologies are adaptations of modern technology for a lesser scale of production or consumption, or to match the available resources. 

Q27. What do you understan d by innovative replacement technologies ? 

Ans. New scientific and engineering information is used to create innovative replacement technologies. 

Q28. What are the various key factors considered in the choice of appropriate technologies ?

Ans. Following are the various key factors considered in the choice of appropriate technologies: 

• 1. Scale of equipment and processes. 
• 2. Cost savings. 
• 3. Generation of profits. 
• 4. Socioeconomic impacts and distribution of benefits. 
• 5. Environmental Impacts. 

Q29. Define rural entrepreneurship. 

Ans. Rural entrepreneurship refers to entrepreneurship that emerges in rural areas. Rural entrepreneurship is the establishment of industries in rural areas. Rural industrialization is linked with rural entrepreneurship. 

Q30. Explain the role of entrepreneurship in rural development. 

Ans. Entrepreneurship is inextricably related to rural development. Entrepreneurship is now seen as a strategic development intervention that can speed the rural development process by institutions and individuals promoting rural development. 

Q31. Mention the various benefits of rural entrepreneurship. 

Ans. Following are the various benefits of rural entrepreneurship: 

• 1. Provide employment opportunities. 
• 2. Check on migration of rural population. 
• 3. Balanced regional growth. 
• 4. Promotion of artistic activities. 
• 5. Check on social evils. 
• 6. Improved standard of living. 

Q32. What are the various financial problems of rural entrepreneurship ? 

Ans. Following are financial problems faced by rural entrepreneurs: 

• 1. Paucity of funds. 
• 2. Lack of infrastructural facilities. 
• 3. Less risk bearing capacity. 

Q33. What are the various marketing problems of rural entrepreneurship ? 

Ans. Following are marketing problems faced by rural entrepreneurs: 

• 1. Competition. 
• 2. Advertisement. 
• 3. Middlemen. 

Q34. What are the various management problems of rural entrepreneurship? 

Ans. Following are management problems faced by rural entrepreneurs: 

• 1. Lack of Technical Knowledge. 
• 2. Legal formalities. 
• 3. Procurement of Raw Materials.
• 4. Poor Quality of Products. 

Q35. What are the various human resources problems of rural entrepreneurship ?

Ans. Following are human resources problems faced by rural

entrepreneurs:

• 1. Low skill level of workers.
• 2. Negative Attitude.

Q36. Mention promotional measures provided by the government to promote rural entrepreneurship.

Ans. Following are the promotional measures provided by the government to promote rural entrepreneurship: 

• 1. Market protection.
• 2. Preference in government procurement. 
• 3. Infrastructural support. 
• 4. Arrangements for supply of scarce raw materials. 
• 5. Concessional finance by banks and other financial institutions. 

Q37. Define women entrepreneur. 

Ans. Women entrepreneurs are women who actively initiate or adopt business. Women’s entrepreneurship is founded on women’s equity and employment in a business company.

Q38. Give the importance of women entrepreneurship in rural development. 

Ans. 1. Women entrepreneurs have emerged as significant contributors to rural development. 

2. Rural women are crucial development agents who may play an important role in a village’s economic development if they have equal access to productive resources, opportunities, and public services. 

Q39. Mention some functions of women entrepreneurs. 

Ans. Functions of women entrepreneurs: 

• 1. Exploration of the prospects of starting a new business enterprise. 
• 2. Undertaking of risks and the handling of economic uncertainties involved in business. 
• 3. Introduction of innovations or imitation of innovations. 
• 4. Coordination, administration and control. 
• 5. Supervision and leadership. 

Q40. What are various challenges faced by women entrepreneur in rural area ? 

Ans. Following are the challenges faced by women entrepreneur: 

• 1. Opportunity recognition. 
• 2. Willingness to start firms. 
• 3. Assembling necessary information. 
• 4. Financial and human resources to start a firm. 

Q41. What are reasons for slow progress of women entrepreneurs in India ?  

Ans. Following are the reasons for slow progress of women entrepreneurs: 

• 1. Male dominant social order. 
• 2. Lack of self-confidence. 
• 3. Protected life. 
• 4. Social pressure. 
• 5. Family obligations. 
• 6. Absence of proper support. 

Q42. Enlist the various entrepreneurial competencies of rural entrepreneur. 

Ans. Following are the various entrepreneurial competencies of rural entrepreneur: 

• 1. Initiative. 
• 2. Self-Confidence. 
• 3. Assertiveness. 
• 4. Highly Systematic. 
• 5. Innovative. 
• 6. Well-informed. 
• 7. Sensitive to local culture. 
• 8. Maintaining a good rapport. 
• 9. Strong on Soft-Skills. 

Q43. Define the role of skill development in the success of an entrepreneur ?  

Ans. The most critical factors for an entrepreneur’s success are technical and managerial skills. Skill is defined as “practical knowledge” and the ability to do tasks. Skill may only be learned through experience or self-practice. 

Q44. What is the need for entrepreneurship in rural area ?

Ans. Entrepreneurship in rural area is needed because of the following reasons: 

• 1. Employment Generation. 
• 2. Income Generation. 
• 3. Rural development. 
• 4. Curbs Rural – Urban migration. 
• 5. Builds up village republics. 
• 6. Improved standard of living. 
• 7. Balanced regional growth. 

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